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Actions from glial cells could affect the readiness and efficacy of learning and memory. Using a mouse cerebellar‐dependent horizontal optokinetic response motor learning paradigm, short‐term memory (STM) formation during the online training period and long‐term memory (LTM) formation during the offline rest period were studied. A large variability of online and offline learning efficacies was found...
The precise timing of neural progenitor development and the correct balance between proliferation and differentiation are crucial to generating a functional brain. The number, survival, and differentiation of neural progenitors during postnatal neurogenesis and gliogenesis is a highly regulated process. Postnatally, the majority of brain oligodendrocytes are generated from progenitors residing in...
In the retina, microglia are resident immune cells that are essential for development and function. Retinal microglia play a central role in mediating pathological degeneration in diseases such as glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, age‐related neurodegeneration, ischemic retinopathy, and diabetic retinopathy. Current models of mature human retinal organoids (ROs) derived from iPS cell (hiPSC) do not...
Nogo‐A, B, and C are well described members of the reticulon family of proteins, most well known for their negative regulatory effects on central nervous system (CNS) neurite outgrowth and repair following injury. Recent research indicates a relationship between Nogo‐proteins and inflammation. Microglia, the brain's immune cells and inflammation‐competent compartment, express Nogo protein, although...
Diverse subpopulations of astrocytes tile different brain regions to accommodate local requirements of neurons and associated neuronal circuits. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms governing astrocyte diversity remain mostly unknown. We explored the role of a zinc finger transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) that is expressed in astrocytes. We found that specific deletion of YY1 from astrocytes causes...
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which patients lose motor functions due to progressive loss of motor neurons in the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Whilst the loss of neurons is central to the disease, it is becoming clear that glia, specifically astrocytes, contribute to the onset and progression of neurodegeneration. Astrocytes play an important role in...
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes severe functional deficits and neuronal damage, accompanied by intense glial activation. The voltage‐gated proton channel Hv1, selectively expressed on microglia, is associated with SCI progression. However, the effect of Hv1 on the phenotypes and functions of reactive astrocytes after SCI remains unclear. Here, we combined Hv1 knockout (Hv1−/−) mice and T10 spinal...
Tumor erosion and metastasis can invade surrounding tissues, damage nerves, and sensitize the peripheral primary receptors, inducing pain, which can potentially worsen the suffering of patients with cancer. Reception and transmission of sensory signal receptors, abnormal activation of primary sensory neurons, and activation of glial cells are involved in cancer pain. Therefore, exploring promising...
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and play a pivotal role in immune surveillance and CNS homeostasis. Morphological transitions in microglia are indicative for local changes in the CNS microenvironment and serve as a proxy for the detection of alterations in the CNS, both in health and disease. Current strategies to ‘measure’ microglia combine advanced morphometrics...
Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is a ferroxidase enzyme that is essential for cell iron efflux. The absence of this protein in humans and rodents produces progressive neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Astrocytes express high levels of Cp and iron efflux from these cells has been shown to be central for oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination. To explore the role of astrocytic Cp in brain development...
Oligodendrocytes produce lipid‐rich myelin sheaths that provide metabolic support to the underlying axon and facilitate saltatory conduction. Oligodendrocyte mitochondria supply the bulk of energy and carbon‐chain backbones required for lipid synthesis. The sparsity of mitochondria in the myelin sheath suggests that tight regulation of mitochondrial trafficking is crucial for their efficient distribution...
Cover Illustration: Confocal image of a mature oligodendrocyte in vitro following the addition of netrin‐1, immuno‐labelled for the mitochondrial docking protein syntaphilin (red), the outer mitochondrial membrane protein TOM20 (green), myelin basic protein (white), and Hoechst dye (blue). Syntaphilin is associated with mitochondria in mature oligodendrocytes and recruited to cell processes by netrin‐1...
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